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Article History

Received: 9 April 2024

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 26 December 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee, with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards, and with ethical guidelines of the German Psychological Society (Ethische Richtlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie e.V. und des Berufsverbands Deutscher Psychologinnen und Psychologen e.V., ), which is a German adaptation of the „Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct“ ( American Psychologist , 2002, 57 , 1060–1073; standards 3.10 and 8.01 to 8.15). Since no personal information (except age and gender) and no sensitive information was collected in the study, no identifiable risk was posed by the survey, no biological data was collected or samples taken and it was not a medical or clinical study, the German standards do not necessarily provide for an ethics vote, but place the assessment in the hands of the researchers. All of the above guidelines were observed and implemented to the best of our knowledge and belief.

: Participants were informed about the study’s aims and procedure, giving their written consent to freely participate and to the processing of their anonymized data and the publishing of the study’s results. The data was collected and written consent was obtained online between May 14 and May 30, 2021.