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Article History

Received: 9 August 2024

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The procedures conducted in this study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. In November 2021, prior to data collection, the complete study materials were submitted to the Ethics Committee for Human Research at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria to determine whether ethical approval was required. Following this administrative review, the Committee concluded that the project qualified for exemption from full ethical review, as it involved anonymous, non-interventional social and behavioral research with adult participants, and did not involve clinical procedures, biological samples, identifiable personal data, or sensitive topics. For publication purposes and in accordance with the journal’s standards, an official written confirmation of this exemption was requested from the Committee. The Committee issued its formal letter on 21 October 2025 (Reference: CEIH-2025-36), documenting its prior assessment and confirming that the study meets the criteria for exemption from full ethics review. The study complied at all times with Spanish Data Protection Law and institutional ethical standards

: This study involved adult human participants who completed an online questionnaire as part of the research. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants between December 2023 and February 2024. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study. They were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without any consequences.