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Authors
Hardi, Irsan
Afjal, Mohd
Aburizaiza, Seraj Omar
Saeed, Mohammed Ahmed
Idroes, Ghalieb Mutig
Noviandy, Teuku Rizky
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2024
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 10 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study did not involve any intervention, interaction with human participants, or the collection of identifiable personal data. Therefore, formal ethical approval was not required.
: The study did not involve human participants, primary data collection, or any procedure requiring informed consent. All data used were obtained from publicly available secondary sources with no identifiable personal information. Hence, informed consent was not required.
