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Authors
Zhu, Ran
Liu, Xiaobo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42301229)
Sichuan Federation of Social Science Associations (SC24E021)
Sichuan Center for Tourism Development Studies (LY25-02)
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Article History
Received: 5 March 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Leshan Normal University on 15 June 2023 (Case No. LNU2023615). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study during the data collection periods in 2 July 2023, 4 July 2024, and 12 August 2024. Before each interview, the researcher met with participants individually to explain the purpose of the study, the research procedures, the use of their data, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. After confirming their understanding, participants signed the consent form in person. Participants were also made aware that their identities would be hidden using pseudonyms, to which they all agreed.
