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Article History

Received: 16 June 2024

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 3 February 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Scientific Research Unit at the College of Arts and Letters, University of Bisha (Institutional Review Board). All research procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the institutional guidelines and regulations of the University of Bisha. Ethical approval for the study procedures (recruitment, informed consent, data collection, storage, and analysis) was granted under IRB number UB.24.1.8.ALSRU.1 on 8 January 2024. The approval covered all aspects of the research protocol reported in this manuscript. The study involved no more than minimal risk, ensured equitable selection of participants, and included appropriate measures to protect confidentiality and privacy.

: This study involved adult participants (18 years or older), and written informed consent was obtained from all individuals prior to participation. Written consent was obtained electronically by the principal investigator before participants started the data-collection sessions, between 2 February 2024 and 11 March 2024. Participants were provided with a written information sheet that explained that the project was a research study, described its aims and procedures, outlined any potential risks and benefits (which were minimal), and confirmed that participation was voluntary and that refusal or withdrawal would carry no negative consequences. The information sheet also explained how their data would be handled, including that their responses would be anonymized for analysis, that their anonymity would be assured in any reports or publications, and that any identifiable personal data would be kept confidential, and it stated that anonymized data may be submitted to an online repository and used for journal publication for research purposes only. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time and, where feasible, to request removal of their data after collection. By electronically signing the written consent form, participants indicated that they had read and understood the information provided and agreed to take part under these conditions.