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Article History

Received: 13 July 2024

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Change Date: 30 March 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The wrong Supplementary file was published with this article; it has now been removed from the manuscript. The original article has been corrected.

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The data employed in this research were secondary data obtained from the 2021 China Social Survey (CSS2021), so ethical approval was obtained by the CSS2021 project team, not by the authors of this paper. The CSS2021 project and its data collection procedures were granted ethical approval by the Academic Committee of the Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

: The 2021 China Social Survey obtained informed consent from all participants.