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Article History

Received: 14 July 2024

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 9 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in line with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This research received approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Alibaba School of Business, Hangzhou Normal University (No: 20230001) on October 22, 2023.

: This survey was conducted from October 30 and December 20, 2023. Prior to data collection, electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants through an online consent page. All participants voluntarily participated in the study after being informed of the research purpose, the assurance of anonymity, the use of their responses solely for academic purposes, as well as the potential risks and benefits of participation. The submission does not include any images or information that could identify individual participants. The study did not involve minors or vulnerable populations.