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Article History

Received: 7 August 2024

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 15 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the following bodies prior to data collection and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all applicable institutional and national guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants: The Social and Economic Development Research and Evaluation Center, Lanzhou University (Lanzhou, China), Approval number: LDSEDRE-2020-124, Approval date: 2020-10-15. The approved protocol covered the study purpose, methodology, participant information, sampling procedures, data protection measures, and intended use of results. The Academic Committee of Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce (Wuxi, China), Approval ID: WXIC-2022-02, Approval date: 2022-04-29. Approval was granted after the Research Ethics Committee was formally established. All procedures were designed to safeguard participants’ rights, privacy.

: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants prior to participation. The online survey’s introductory page clearly stated the study purpose, how the data would be used, data protection measures, and participants’ rights (including the right to withdraw at any time without penalty). Participants indicated consent by clicking the “Agree” button before accessing any survey questions. Consent period: May–August 2022.