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Article History

Received: 3 February 2025

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Jeonbuk National University, under the approval number 2020-07-012-003, dated July 24, 2020. The IRB determined that the study met the criteria for exemption from full review as it involved non-interventional social science research (online survey-based) with no physical or psychological risks to participants. All research procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki and other relevant regulations applicable to studies involving human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection through both online (Google Forms) and paper-based survey formats. For the online survey, the consent form appeared as the first item, and respondents could proceed only after indicating their agreement. For the paper surveys, written consent was collected directly before respondents completed the questionnaire. All consent and data collection took place between April and October 2023. The consent form explained the purpose of the study, the voluntary and anonymous nature of participation, the right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the measures used to protect confidentiality. Participants were also informed that the data would be used solely for academic research purposes and that the study involved no foreseeable risks or direct personal benefits. No minors or vulnerable populations participated.