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Article History

Received: 31 January 2025

Accepted: 19 December 2025

First Online: 13 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study includes former students from the Placemaking course only. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR) of the University of Amsterdam on April 12, 2022. Number of approval: 2022-AISSR-14831.

: Informed consent was obtained from all respondents individually prior to their participation in the study in a period between October 2022 and April 2023. Along with the interview invitation, respondents received a detailed consent form outlining the purpose of the research and ensuring their privacy was safeguarded. The form specified that participants had the right to withdraw at any point during or after the interview, without consequences. It also clarified that all data would be anonymized and used solely for publication purposes. Additionally, respondents were informed that the interviews would be audio-recorded to facilitate transcription. For in-person interviews, respondents signed a paper version of the consent form, while for online interviews, verbal consent was obtained and recorded. All approvals are available upon request if needed.