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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 19 December 2025

First Online: 14 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Düzce University, Turkey. All research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The ethical approval was granted under the protocol number E-78187535-050.040-554154 on 23 May 2025. The approval covered all procedures related to participant recruitment, administration of psychological scales, anonymised data handling, and dissemination of findings. No data collection or analysis was conducted before ethical approval was obtained.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between 26 May and 30 May 2025, prior to data collection. Participants were fully informed about the study's aims, the voluntary nature of their participation, the confidentiality of their responses, the data protection procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Consent included participation, anonymous use of data, and publication of aggregated results. All participants were university students aged 18 years and above; therefore, no vulnerable individuals or minors were involved, and no parental or guardian consent was required. All responses were anonymous, and no identifiable personal data were recorded.