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Authors
Husaini, Dzul Hadzwan
Lean, Hooi Hooi
Ali, Amjad
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/SS06/UNIMAS/03/1)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2023/SS06/UNIMAS/03/1)
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Article History
Received: 17 May 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 10 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study does not involve human participants or their data. Therefore, ethics approval was not required for this research. The analysis uses secondary data from existing sources, and the study complies with all relevant ethical guidelines and regulations.
: This study does not involve human participants or their data. As a result, informed consent was not obtained or required. The research relies on secondary data from existing sources and does not engage with any personal or identifiable information, ensuring compliance with all relevant ethical guidelines and regulations.
