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Authors
Yang, Tianan
Wang, Tianyu
Deng, Wenhao
Duan, Jianan
Nie, Zhaotong
Deng, Jianwei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71974011)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71974011)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71974011)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71974011)
"BIT think tank" Promotion Plan of Science and Technology Innovation Program of Beijing Institute of Technology (2023CX13029)
"BIT think tank" Promotion Plan of Science and Technology Innovation Program of Beijing Institute of Technology (2023CX13029)
"BIT think tank" Promotion Plan of Science and Technology Innovation Program of Beijing Institute of Technology (2023CX13029)
"BIT think tank" Promotion Plan of Science and Technology Innovation Program of Beijing Institute of Technology (2023CX13029)
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Article History
Received: 30 September 2024
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 10 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study utilizes open secondary data obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS). CHARLS received approval from the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University in 2011 in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (approval number: IRB00001052-11015). In alignment with our institutional policy, this research does not require separate ethical approval.
: The secondary data used originates from CHARLS. All CHARLS participants provided signed informed consent during the initial data collection phase prior to their involvement in the survey.
