Document is current

Article History

Received: 16 February 2025

Accepted: 31 December 2025

First Online: 15 January 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This research utilized secondary data from publicly available sources, including the China Household Income Project (CHIP) survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The CHIP survey data were collected by the China Institute for Income Distribution at Beijing Normal University following their institutional ethical protocols for household surveys, including informed consent procedures and data anonymization. As this study involved analysis of de-identified secondary data with no direct interaction with human subjects, formal ethical approval from an institutional review board was not required according to the guidelines of our institution. All data were handled in accordance with applicable data protection regulations and research ethics standards.

: This study did not involve primary data collection or direct interaction with research participants. All household-level data were obtained from the China Household Income Project (CHIP) survey, which was conducted by the China Institute for Income Distribution at Beijing Normal University. Informed consent was obtained from all survey participants by the original data collectors at the time of data collection, following standard protocols for household surveys. The secondary data used in this study were fully anonymized and did not contain any personally identifiable information.