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Article History

Received: 3 November 2024

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 14 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research is a desk-based study relying on publicly available archival materials, scholarly literature, and non-invasive observation of the built environment. It does not involve human participants, personal data, animal subjects, or experimental interventions on heritage sites. So, ethical approval is not applicable.

: Not applicable. The study involves no human participants or identifiable personal information requiring consent. All third-party images and figures are either the author’s own schematics or are reproduced from publicly accessible sources under applicable permissions/Creative Commons licenses, with full citations provided in the manuscript. Archival photographs of the Toppila Silo were obtained from the Alvar Aalto Foundation in 2023, during the Alvar Aalto Researchers’ Network Seminar, upon the author’s request, and were subsequently provided via email communication.