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Authors
Rubio-Martin, Gracia
González Sánchez, Francisco
Manuel-Garcia, Conrado Miguel
Cabezón Manchado, Miguel
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 26 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable. This study exclusively uses publicly available secondary data from the Transfermarkt database. No direct interaction with human subjects occurred, and no private personal identifiers were used.
: Not applicable. This study exclusively uses publicly available secondary data from the Transfermarkt database. No direct interaction with human subjects occurred, and no private personal identifiers were used.
