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Article History

Received: 16 February 2025

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 22 January 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study did not require formal ethical approval, as it did not involve human participants in a manner necessitating review under institutional or national ethical regulations. According to Article 32 of the National Guidelines for Scientific Research Ethics Review ( ), research that involves human data or anonymized information—where there is no harm to participants, no sensitive personal information or commercial interests, and no relevance to life science or medical topics—is eligible for exemption from ethical review. This study fully complies with this criterion, as it focused on measuring participants’ perceptions of individual behaviors without collecting personally identifiable information or engaging in interventions that could pose risks to participants. Furthermore, all the respondents were at least 18 years old, and no vulnerable populations were involved. Given the nature of the study, no formal review or exemption was sought from an institutional review board.

: Informed consent was obtained from all the respondents prior to the surveys from May to July 2024. All the respondents were informed about the aims of the research and how their responses would be used anonymously. All the respondents were also informed about their right to withdraw from the research at any point. All the respondents were asked to participate in the research by completing an approved consent form.