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Authors
Chen, Jinliu
Ni, Hong
Song, Huimin
Li, Pengcheng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Project of China-Portugal Joint Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation Science (SDYY2411)
the Advanced Research Program of National Level Projects in Suzhou City University (2024SGY009)
the General Projects of Philosophy and Social Science Research at Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province (2025SJYB1085)
the Advantageous Discipline Construction Project for Urban and Rural Planning in Jiangsu Universities
the key disciplines of Architecture and Landscape Architecture in Jiangsu Province during the 14th Five-Year Plan period
National Social Science Fund of China (20CTY013)
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Article History
Received: 3 March 2025
Accepted: 14 January 2026
First Online: 30 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The questionnaire survey was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (Approval No: ER-LRR-1088523720240325103538) on March 26th, 2024. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Before the study commenced, all participants—who were non-vulnerable individuals—received an online information sheet and consent form embedded within the survey, distributed between May 1st, 2024, and July 31, 2025. They were clearly informed about the study’s aims, data usage, confidentiality measures, and the absence of any foreseeable risks. Participants confirmed that they had read and understood the study’s objectives, the intended use of their data, and their right to withdraw at any time. All participants were aged 18 years or above. No personally identifiable information was collected at any stage of the research. Only those who provided informed consent proceeded to take part. The consent form also included contact details for further inquiries or withdrawal. Written consent was obtained electronically, and ethical approval for the study was granted by the institution’s ethics committee.
