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Authors
Barredo-Ibáñez, Daniel
Garcés-Prettel, Miguel
Caro-Castaño, Lucía
Vega-Saldaña, Silvia
Merchán-Clavellino, Ana
Santoya-Montes, Yanin
Arroyave-Cabrera, Jesús
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Social Observatory of the “La Caixa” Foundation (LCF/PR/FS23/60020019)
Social Observatory of the “La Caixa” Foundation (LCF/PR/FS23/60020019)
Social Observatory of the “La Caixa” Foundation (LCF/PR/FS23/60020019)
Social Observatory of the “La Caixa” Foundation (LCF/PR/FS23/60020019)
Social Observatory of the “La Caixa” Foundation (LCF/PR/FS23/60020019)
Social Observatory of the “La Caixa” Foundation (LCF/PR/FS23/60020019)
Social Observatory of the “La Caixa” Foundation (LCF/PR/FS23/60020019)
Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities / the State Research Agency (PID2023-153339NA-I00)
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2024
Accepted: 14 January 2026
First Online: 23 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The methodology and design of the study were evaluated and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Málaga (Spain) on January, 31, 2024. The endorsement is recorded under number 79, with CEUMA registration number 129-2023-H.
: Prior to confirming participation in the study, written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians who voluntarily agreed to their children’s participation after receiving a detailed explanation of the study objectives and procedures. These informed consent forms were collected between February and June 2024 and are being securely held by the contracted survey agency, Sigma Dos. In addition, verbal informed assent was obtained from each participating child before completing the questionnaire, administered by a trained surveyor from Sigma Dos.
