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Article History

Received: 3 June 2024

Accepted: 15 January 2026

First Online: 26 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Utrecht University (Approval Number: 22-0023; date of approval: 07 March 2022). All study procedures complied with the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association and the Declaration of Helsinki. Data were collected via an online survey among participants in China, in accordance with the approved protocol and the ethical requirements of the approving institution. As this research did not involve medical procedures or human experimentation, it posed no risk to participants. Participation was voluntary, informed consent was obtained prior to data collection, and all data were collected anonymously and treated as strictly confidential, used solely for research purposes.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent was sought and received during the period from March 2022 to May 2022, with all participants fully informed of the nature, purpose, and procedures of the study before agreeing to participate. Data were collected through an online survey, and all information was kept strictly anonymous, used solely for research purposes, in full compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).