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Article History

Received: 1 August 2024

Accepted: 15 January 2026

First Online: 4 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon (Ata no. 3, 24 de novembro de 2020). The ethical code defined by the American Psychological Association was followed (APA, 2002; 2010). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki, which encompasses fundamental values, such as the preservation of life, health, dignity, integrity, the right to self-determination, privacy, and the confidentiality of participants’ personal information, ensuring respect for and protection of their health and rights throughout the investigation.

: All participants included in this project were made aware of their rights. Participant data were treated with anonymity and care, with all participants giving their full informed consent before commencing the study in January 2021. The potential risks and benefits of participation were transparently communicated. Participants had the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Lastly, the study did not involve any potential risks for participants.