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Authors
Mahala, Rukmani
Kumar, Pushp
Bhardwaj, Mandeep
Singh, Sukhpal
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Article History
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study does not involve human participants or their data; therefore, ethical approval was not required. The study relies solely on secondary data sourced from the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (U-DISE + ) and the Odisha School Education Programme Authority (OSEPA).
: No informed consent was required as it does not involve human participants or the collection of primary personal data.
: Not applicable
: Not applicable
