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Article History

Received: 9 April 2024

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 29 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures in this study involving human participants were conducted in strict compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, as well as the ethical standards of the institutional research committee. The study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Inspection Committee of Wenzhou University on May 11, 2022, with the approval number wzu-2022049. The scope of this approval encompasses all human-participant-related processes of the study, including study design, data collection, data analysis, and result reporting.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Prior to data collection (from June 13 to June 30, 2022), each participant was required to review a detailed online information page. All participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, the guaranteed anonymity and confidentiality of their data, how their data would be used, the voluntary nature of participation, their right to withdraw, and the potential publication of the results. By clicking the “Agree and Participate” button to proceed, participants provided valid electronic written informed consent for their participation, the compliant use of their data, and the publication of the findings. This electronic consent was recorded by the online platform. The study involved only adult participants; no minors or vulnerable groups were included.