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Article History

Received: 18 August 2024

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 31 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was carried out in line with internationally recognized ethical standards for research involving human participants, including those set out in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later revisions, as well as related ethical frameworks. Approval for the study was granted by the Ethics Committee of Shandong University on 5 January 2022 (approval ID: 2022-0105-L03). The review and approval encompassed the duration of the project, the research field and objectives, methodological approach, categories of participants, and other relevant aspects, confirming that the research met all applicable ethical requirements.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants. Written consent was obtained from all participants in August 2022 prior to their involvement in the study. The consent process provided clear information regarding the aims of the research, the nature and scope of data collection, and the intention to disseminate the study findings through academic publication. Participants were informed that their identities would remain anonymous, that all information would be kept confidential, and that the data would be used solely for research purposes without disclosure to external parties. Participation was entirely voluntary, and individuals were advised that they could discontinue their participation at any point without penalty. Given that the study was non-interventional in nature, participants were also informed that no foreseeable risks were associated with taking part.