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Article History

Received: 27 August 2024

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 4 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. It involved a voluntary, anonymous questionnaire targeting public sector employees and did not collect any sensitive, personal, medical, or biological information. There was no psychological intervention or foreseeable risk to participants. Based on the nature of the study, it fully meets the exemption conditions outlined in the Regulation on the Organization and Operation of the Research Ethics Committee (Decision No. 1228/QĐ-ĐHVL, dated August 12, 2022, Van Lang University). Accordingly, research that does not involve vulnerable populations, does not collect identifiable personal data, and poses minimal risk may qualify for automatic exemption from formal ethical approval. As such, this study was exempted from obtaining formal ethical clearance. No ethics approval number was issued.

: Prior to participation, all respondents were informed about the purpose and scope of the study. Informed consent was obtained via a consent statement included on the introductory page of the questionnaire. Participants were explicitly informed that their involvement was voluntary, that they could withdraw at any time without consequence, and that all responses would remain confidential and anonymized. No personally identifiable data was collected, and all information was used solely for academic and research purposes. Informed consent was obtained during the data collection period from late January 2023 to early June 2023.