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Article History

Received: 6 September 2024

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research involved human subjects in its research. This research was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This research involving humans was approved by the Academic Ethics Board of the School of Journalism and Communication, Chongqing University on December 1, 2023. (Ethics approval number: CQUSJC2023004).

: This study was conducted in accordance with established ethical guidelines. Data collection took place between December 2023 and February 2024. Prior to participation, all individuals were fully informed about the study’s purpose, the voluntary and anonymous nature of their involvement, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Detailed information regarding data confidentiality, usage, potential risks, and benefits was also provided. Written informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants before their inclusion in the study.