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Authors
Wang, Guoqing
Sabran, Kamal
Wang, Yipei
Yu, Yang
Huang, Li
Li, Jian
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2025
Accepted: 22 January 2026
First Online: 13 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The present study is a secondary analysis of anonymized data, and therefore did not require additional ethical approval. Ethical approval for the original CGSS data ( ) collection was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Renmin University of China. All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of the original data collection. The present study did not involve direct interaction with participants and used anonymized, publicly available data.
