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Article History

Received: 13 February 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, which serves as the official ethics approval body for research involving human participants. Ethical approval was formally granted on 15 March 2024, under approval number 2024-03-017. All research procedures involving human participants were conducted in strict accordance with the ethical standards of the approving institution and relevant national research committees, as well as with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments. The ethics review covered the use of human judgment in data quality assessment, expert evaluation of text-refinement outputs, and the authorized use of anonymized textual materials obtained from institutional repositories and licensed digital collections.

: Informed consent was obtained from all human participants involved in this study prior to their participation. Consent procedures were conducted between April 2024 and July 2024 , corresponding to the period of human judgment, expert evaluation, and validation activities reported in this paper. All participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the nature of the evaluation tasks, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained before data collection commenced.