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Article History

Received: 7 September 2024

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 10 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of International Business and Economics. Date of ethical approval of the research line: September 20, 2024. Ethics approval number: SUBE 2024-006, provides ethical consent for the research conducted with students of Shanghai University of International Business and Economics. The study complied with all relevant ethical guidelines and regulations issued by national and institutional authorities.

: Prior to data collection, written informed consent was obtained from all participants using paper-based consent forms. The consent forms were distributed and collected by the research team. All signed paper consent forms were collected on October 8, 2024, before participants took part in the study. Before providing consent, participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, the voluntary nature of participation, the use of their data for academic research and publication, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. All participants were adults capable of providing informed consent. No vulnerable populations (including minors) were involved in this study.