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Article History

Received: 7 February 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, the Norwegian Research Ethics Act (Forskningsetikkloven), and the national guidelines for social science research issued by the National Ethics Board for Social Sciences and Humanities (NESH). Because the study consisted of a non-medical, anonymous online survey without the collection of health or sensitive personal data, it fell outside the scope of the national health-research legislation (Helseforskningsloven) and therefore did not require review or approval by a health-research ethics committee. The University of Bergen’s institutional regulations were followed throughout the study.

: All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. The survey was anonymous and voluntary and was preceded by an online information sheet explaining the purpose and nature of the study, data handling and storage procedures, the voluntary nature of participation, and the preservation of anonymity. Consent was obtained electronically before any data were collected throughout the period in which the survey was accessible to participants (i.e. from 28/08/2024 at 18:30 GMT, to 29/08/2024 at 15:00 GMT).