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Authors
Dai, Ying
Ouyang, Na
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72404063)
Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (2025A04J4518)
Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center (2024BS021)
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2024
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 31 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study constitutes a secondary analysis of the 2020-2021 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH), a publicly available, de-identified dataset. The original NSCH data collection was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board (ERB) and the Associates Institutional Review Board, with all procedures performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and relevant HHS regulations (45 CFR 46). As a secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data, this paper did not involve direct human subjects research by the authors and did not require additional ethical approval.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants (parents or caregivers) during the original NSCH data collection conducted between 2020 and 2021. Verbal informed consent was obtained and documented in the Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) system, with participants assured of confidentiality and the voluntary nature of the survey. This paper does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
