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Article History

Received: 5 May 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Colegio Profesional de Economistas de la Región Cajamarca (Peru) (Report No. 004/2024; Protocol 004/2024; approval date: March 3, 2024). All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants. The committee’s review covered the study protocol and materials, including the informed consent procedure.

: Written informed consent to participate and for the use of anonymised data for research and publication purposes was obtained from all adult participants. Consent was obtained on-site by trained field staff immediately prior to survey administration during data collection at EXPONOR (Antofagasta, Chile) on June 3–6, 2024. Participants received a written information sheet describing the study purpose, procedures, expected duration, voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality/anonymity safeguards, and the right to refuse or withdraw at any time without consequences. No personally identifying information was collected.