Sleboda, Patrycja
Bruine de Bruin, Wändi
Baker, Katherine
de la Haye, Kayla
Article History
Received: 4 April 2025
Accepted: 26 January 2026
First Online: 7 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by BRANY (Biomedical Research Alliance of New York) on June 16, 2022 (protocol #22-030-1044), with no expiration date and no annual reporting required. All research complied with U.S. guidelines and regulation.
: The Understanding America Study is a probability-based Internet panel. Its members are recruited through random address-based sampling throughout the United States (Alattar et al. ). All subjects consent online before their first survey; and all surveys thereafter are opt-in; they are made available in their study portal and can select which they complete and where they complete them. On average, members complete two online surveys per month. Participants receive about $20 for every 30 min of survey time.