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Article History

Received: 6 January 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Institutional Review Board (approval number HSEARS20230222001). Ethical approval was granted on 22 February 2023, covering all study procedures reported in this article, including participant recruitment, informed consent, data collection, compensation, storage, and analysis. All procedures involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants between 27 March 2023 and 19 September 2023, prior to data collection, via a standardized consent form presented at the start of the study. Participants were informed about the study’s purpose and procedures, the voluntary nature of participation, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, the expected duration, compensation, data handling practices, and the absence of known risks. Consent covered participation in the study, the anonymous use of the data for research purposes, and the publication of results. Participants were informed that no personally identifiable information would be retained and that all data would be securely stored and accessible only to authorized members of the research team.