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Article History

Received: 30 September 2024

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the University of Notre Dame (United States) on July 7, 2023 (Ethics Approval Number: #23-06-7934). The approved protocol specifically included international online survey recruitment. This study recruited participants from the United States and Indonesia through online survey platforms (Belindi and Respondi), without collaborative partnerships with foreign institutions. All participants completed identical procedures remotely through the same commercial survey platforms. The University of Notre Dame IRB reviewed and approved all study procedures for international participant populations in accordance with U.S. federal regulations and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent was obtained digitally (written) via the survey platforms Belindi and Respondi prior to the commencement of data collection in January 2024. Participants were fully informed that their anonymity is assured, why the research was being conducted, and how their data would be utilized for academic purposes. Full informed consent can be viewed on our Open Science page: .