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Authors
Hu, Jinsheng
Chen, Qiying
Yu, Tengxu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province PhD Research Startup Project (2024-BS-163)
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2024
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was conducted as part of a longitudinal research project titled “Childhood Maltreatment and Child/Adolescent Development (Approval Number: 2023BSL008),” which received overarching ethical approval from the Department of Psychology at Liaoning Normal University in November 2023, prior to the commencement of data collection. As the study was based on non-invasive data collection through surveys and did not involve any human trials or medical experiments, this initial approval ensured strict compliance with institutional guidelines for research involving human participants. To ensure strict compliance with formal submission requirements, the Human Research Ethics Committee of Liaoning Normal University re-validated and updated the institutional approval certificate (Approval Number: LL2024196) on November 25, 2024, based on the original 2023 ethical approval. This certificate served as an official re-confirmation of the original 2023 approval rather than a retrospective ethics statement. All procedures involved in this study were conducted in strict compliance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee, as well as the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all children’s parents and the affiliated school prior to their involvement in the study. Before participation, all parents and teachers were informed about the research purpose, procedures, confidentiality protocols, and their rights, including voluntary participation and withdrawal at any time without penalty. Participation was entirely voluntary, and the anonymity and confidentiality of responses were strictly maintained. Participants were also informed about how the data would be used for academic purposes only. Written informed consent was obtained on March 1, 2024, prior to the administration of the first survey.
