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Article History

Received: 21 May 2024

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Zhejiang University of Technology. The approval (Approval number: ZJUT-SOM-2401) was granted on January 5, 2024, which covers the entire research process, including participant recruitment, data collection, potential ethical issues, and measures to address them. All research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the relevant guidelines/regulations of the aforementioned IRB.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to their participation in the survey conducted on January 12, 2024. A comprehensive informed consent statement was presented at the beginning of the online survey; therefore, a separate written consent form was not used. Participants were provided with clear and comprehensive information regarding the study’s objectives, methodology, potential risks, and anticipated benefits. Participants were informed that by proceeding to the questionnaire after reading the statement—specifically by clicking the “Next” button to start the survey—they were providing their implied consent. They were assured of anonymity and explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or adverse consequences. Furthermore, they were granted access to the study results and provided consent for the publication of the data and findings.