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Article History

Received: 19 September 2024

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors used publicly available survey data. As the authors were not involved with the data collection, they did not seek additional ethical approval but relied on the statements made by the institutes publishing the data.

: The authors used publicly available data collected through questionnaires by large institutes specified in carrying out surveys. The authors therefore rely on the informed consent statements made by these institutes in descriptions of methodology and codebooks (such as the ISI Declaration on Professional Ethics for the European Social Survey), which readers can find on the respective websites. Informed consent was obtained from all respondents before participation in the questionnaire, and only anonymous data were made available.