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Article History

Received: 4 January 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea (Approval No. 1041386-202308-HR-87-01; Approval Date: 11 August 2023). The approval was valid for one year and covered all aspects of the study, including data collection, data analysis, participant recruitment, informed consent procedures, and confidentiality measures. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in strict accordance with the relevant institutional research ethics guidelines and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The study did not involve any vulnerable populations, and no personally identifiable information was collected. All survey data were anonymised at the time of collection and handled accordingly.

: Informed consent was obtained in written electronic form from all participants prior to the online survey, which was conducted between 29 August 2023 and 22 September 2023. Participants recruited through a professional online survey company were first presented with a digital consent form describing the study purpose, procedures, anonymity of responses, voluntary participation, exclusive academic use of the data, and the absence of foreseeable risk. Only those who selected the “Agree” option proceeded to the questionnaire, thereby providing consent to participate, consent for the use of their anonymised data for research purposes, and consent for the anonymous publication of aggregated findings. No personally identifiable information was collected, and no vulnerable populations were involved.