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Article History

Received: 28 November 2024

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University at Albany (Date: 22 December 2020/No. 20E302) and the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Education of East China Normal University (Date: 4 December 2020/No. 20201130001). It covered the full scope of the study, including all procedures involving human participants, data collection methods, recruitment, informed consent process, and data storage and protection protocols. The questionnaires and methodology for this study were approved as part of the above protocol. All procedures were performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants at East China Normal University in February 2021, prior to their enrollment. The principal investigator and course instructor provided participants with detailed information about the study’s objectives, procedures, and their rights as participants. All participants signed an electronic consent form, agreeing to participate, to the use of their data for research purposes, and to the publication of anonymized findings. Participants were informed that they could withdraw from this study at any time and that doing so would not affect any benefits to which they were entitled. They were also informed that the collected data and information should be strictly confidential, anonymous, and used for research purposes only. This study did not involve medical research or experiments on humans and, therefore, posed no risk to participants.