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Article History

Received: 23 November 2024

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 13 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was obtained for the project from Le Comité d’éthique de la recherche en arts et en sciences (CÉRAS) at the Université de Montréal. The authors confirm that all research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines/regulations applicable when human participants are involved, namely the Declaration of Helsinki. The approval number or ID is CERAS-2016-17-301-D, project #2017-2306, and the date of approval is March 20, 2017. The scope of approval includes research conducted for the project titled “Analyse de l’influence du processus de traduction sur la production écrite” [The analysis of the influence of the translation process on written production].

: In this study, written informed consent was obtained on March 29, 2017, by the second author and the sessional lecturer from course participants at l’Université de Montréal. The scope of the consent covers the study purpose, participation procedures, data use, risks, benefits, and consent to publish. The study does not involve vulnerable individuals or minors, nor does it involve payment or other forms of incentivization. All participants have been informed of the purpose of the research, and how their data will be used. They have also been informed that their anonymity is assured and that there are no risks to their participation.