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Authors
Zhu, Zhu
Gan, Qinyu
Duan, Pei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Henan Provincial Soft Science Research Program Project
Henan Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project ((2025CJY052))
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Article History
Received: 30 June 2025
Accepted: 4 February 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shangqiu Normal University (No: S-129/2024) on February 5, 2024. All research was performed in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national guidelines
: The informed consent procedure was approved as part of the aforementioned ethical review. This survey was conducted from February 10 to May 15, 2024. Prior to the commencement of data collection, written informed consent was obtained from each participant. All participants were provided with clear information about the study’s objectives, procedures, and their rights, including the voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw, before signing the consent forms. The consent covered participation, the use of data for research, and permission to publish aggregated findings. All data were de-identified during collection and used solely for analysis.
