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Article History

Received: 17 July 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Sungkyunkwan University (Approval No. SKKU 2025-11-071) on January 3, 2025. The approval covered the collection and analysis of survey data from adult participants aged 20 years or older, with the review board determining that the study involved no more than minimal risk and that potential societal benefits were anticipated. As this research did not involve medical procedures or human experimentation, it posed no risk to participants. Data were collected via an online survey in accordance with the approved protocol and the ethical requirements of the approving institution. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all adult participants prior to survey participation between January 4 and 8, 2025. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the anonymity of their responses, and the use of the data for academic research and publication. The consent procedure was administered by the online marketing company through an online consent form, and no foreseeable risks were associated with participation. Data were collected through an online survey, and all information was kept strictly anonymous, used solely for research purposes.