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Authors
Liu, Hongyuan
Yao, Shuangyun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Academic Start-up Program for Young Faculty at Beijing Institute of Technology
the Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (22JJD740028)
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Article History
Received: 15 March 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Approval was obtained from the research committee of the Research Center for Language and Language Education of Central China Normal University with an ethical approval letter on May 1, 2018 (Approval No. 20180501RCLLE), which approves the submitted research plan and corpus collection scheme. The study fulfilled all the ethics requirements regarding human participants. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: This study involved no minors. Before data collection commenced, participants were fully informed of the study’s purpose, nature, and potential risks. All participants provided signed informed consent on May 1, 2018, immediately following the receipt of the formal ethical approval. They were assured of the right to withdraw at any time without consequence. All personal information and data were kept strictly confidential and used solely for research purposes.
