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Article History

Received: 20 February 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 18 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with internationally recognized ethical standards for research involving human participants, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical frameworks. Ethical approval was obtained from the Academic Ethics Committee of the School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University on 4 September 2023 (ID: 23CSH077). The approval covered the study scope, research objectives, methodology, participant categories, and related procedures, confirming that the study met all applicable ethical requirements.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation. Consent was obtained electronically through the online questionnaire system before data collection commenced in July 2024. Participants were informed about the research objectives, the nature and scope of data collection, and the use of the data for academic publication. Anonymity and confidentiality were assured, participation was voluntary, and participants could withdraw at any time without penalty. As the study was non-interventional, participants were informed that there were no foreseeable risks associated with participation.