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Article History

Received: 7 February 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethics approval was obtained by the Research Ethics Committee of Guangzhou University (Approval No.: GZHU-GPAD201703032; Date: March 1, 2017). All research was performed in accordance with the ethical requirements and research guidelines of Guangzhou University and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards when human participants are involved. This study commenced on March 3, 2017. Scope of approval includes: (1) the ethics review application form and overall study design plan; (2) the personal information anonymity form, including written and oral informed consent; (3) the methodology design plan, including interview questionnaire, observation sites, and related participatory observations. The committee approved the purpose, methods, data usage, and publication of this study. This study does not involve scientific and technological experiments involving humans or animals, nor does it have related risks, and it belongs to a project whose risk occurrence probability and degree are not higher than the lowest risk in the Science and Technology Ethics of Guangzhou University.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants during the 2017 fieldwork for their involvement, the use of their data, and the publication of the findings (Date: March 3, 2017–November 30, 2017). Informed consent was obtained orally from each participant during the 2018 fieldwork (Date: March 1st–May 30th, 2018) due to the consideration of logistical and time constraints. The authors provided a detailed description and obtained oral consent before participation. All consents—written and oral—were documented and collected by the authors. Scope of the consent: participation, the purpose of the study, procedures, scope, methods of data use, any risks to them of participating, and consent to publish. All participants have been fully informed that their anonymity is assured. Participants were assured of anonymity and that no personally identifiable information would be disclosed.