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Authors
Ling, Tianye
Luo, Xinyao
Zhao, Rui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department (Y202457268)
Zhejiang Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project (26NDJC099YB)
Zhejiang Provincial Educational Science Planning Project (2025SCG269)
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Article History
Received: 8 November 2024
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: We use secondary data from the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey 2018, a longitudinal study hosted by the National Youth Policy Institute. The data were collected by these agencies and made publicly available in anonymized form, with all personally identifiable information removed. As our research involves no direct interaction with human participants and uses data collected, processed, and released by government bodies under statutory frameworks, ethics clearance is not required. This is consistent with established research ethics standards for the use of publicly available secondary data.
: Informed consent was not sought because the research does not involve direct interaction with individuals or the collection of personal data. The data used are anonymized and publicly available, with all identifying information removed prior to release. As the data were collected by official agencies and released for research purposes under legal and institutional frameworks, the requirement for obtaining informed consent from individuals does not apply.
