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Authors
Yan, Haiyan
Singh, Manvender Kaur Sarjit
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Article History
Received: 18 February 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in full accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Shandong Management University Research Ethics Committee (SMU-REC) on March 20, 2024 (Approval Number: SMU-REC/2024/03-12 A).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Written informed consent was signed by all participants between March 25, 2024, and April 5, 2024, prior to the commencement of data collection. Participants were informed of the study’s purpose, their right to withdraw at any time without consequence, and that their data would be anonymized and used solely for research purposes.
