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Article History

Received: 17 February 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 17 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was granted an exemption by the Research Ethics Committee of Jingdezhen Ceramic University (JDCU-REC) (Exemption Number: JDTCU-EC-2024-048; Date: October 27, 2024). The exemption is justified as the research constitutes non-interventional social-behavioral research involving minimal risk, involving no physical procedures or collection of sensitive personal identifiers, in accordance with Article 31, Paragraph 1 of the “Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings” (National Health Commission [2023] No. 4). All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study prior to data collection (between October 30 and November 30, 2024). For participants in the online survey, consent was obtained electronically by requiring them to read a detailed information page (covering research purposes, data usage, anonymity guarantees, and the right to withdraw) and then click an “Agree and Continue” button to proceed. For participants in offline interviews or paper-based surveys, written informed consent was obtained via signed consent forms. No minors or other vulnerable groups were included in the study sample.