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Article History

Received: 12 January 2025

Accepted: 6 February 2026

First Online: 20 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved from the Research Ethics Review Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects, The Second Allied Academic Group in Social Sciences, Humanities and Fine and Applied Arts at Chulalongkorn University, approved the conduct of this research project in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the Belmont Report, the CIOMS Guidelines, and the International Conference on Harmonization–Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) principles. Ethical approval was granted (No. 660223) on 15 September 2023. The scope of approval included: (1) the participant information sheet; (2) informed consent to participate in the research; (3) informed consent for parents and guardians; (4) the researcher’s curriculum vitae and evidence of research experience; and (5) research instruments.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. As this study involved non-interventional research procedures (e.g., survey-based data collection), written informed consent was obtained by the principal investigator from all participants who were basic education students and their parents or legal guardians on 12, 16, 17, and 18 October 2023; 21 November 2023; 1, 6, 21, 22, and 25 December 2023; and 4, 12, and 19 January 2024, prior to data collection. As the participants were basic education students who had not yet reached the legal age of consent, informed consent was additionally obtained from their parents or legal guardians prior to data collection. Consent was obtained after participants had received a clear explanation of the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and the procedures involved. Participants were explicitly assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly maintained, that all data would be used solely for research purposes, and that study findings would be reported only in aggregated and anonymized form. Participants were also informed that participation involved minimal risk and were advised of their right to withdraw from the study at any time and for any reason without any consequences.

: The authors used ChatGPT (Open AI GPT-4o) to enhance clarity and readability, with all content reviewed and edited for accuracy. They take full responsibility for the final version.